Мимоза хостилис растение вида mimosa tenuiflora. Mimosa Tenuiflora — Википедия

Детский сад № 4 "Золотая рыбка"

город Карпинск Свердловской области

 
Главная » Виды растений » Мимоза хостилис растение вида mimosa tenuiflora

Mimosa tenuiflora. Мимоза хостилис растение вида mimosa tenuiflora


Mimosa tenuiflora - Wikipedia

Mimosa tenuiflora, syn. Mimosa hostilis, also known as Jurema Preta, Calumbi (Brazil), Tepezcohuite (México), Carbonal, Cabrera, Jurema, Black Jurema, and Vinho de Jurema, is a perennial tree or shrub native to the northeastern region of Brazil (Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia) and found as far north as southern Mexico (Oaxaca and coast of Chiapas), and the following countries: El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, Colombia and Venezuela.[4] It is most often found in lower altitudes, but it can be found as high as 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[4]

Description[edit]

The fern-like branches have leaves that are Mimosa like, finely pinnate, growing to 5 cm (2.0 in) long. Each compound leaf contains 15–33 pairs of bright green leaflets 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) long. The tree itself grows up to 8 m (26 ft) tall[4] and it can reach 4–5 m (13–16 ft) tall in less than 5 years. The white,[4] fragrant flowers occur in loosely cylindrical spikes 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) long. In the Northern Hemisphere it blossoms and produces fruit from November to June or July.[5] In the Southern Hemisphere it blooms primarily from September to January. The fruit is brittle and averages 2.5–5 cm (0.98–1.97 in) long. Each pod contains 4–6 seeds that are oval, flat, light brown and 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) in diameter. There are about 145 seeds/1 g (0.035 oz).[6] In the Southern Hemisphere, the fruit ripens from February to April.

Small Mimosa tenuiflora stem and roots

The tree's bark is dark brown to gray. It splits lengthwise and the inside is reddish brown.

The tree's wood is dark reddish brown with a yellow center. It is very dense, durable and strong, having a density of about 1.11 g/cm³.[7]

Mimosa tenuiflora does very well after a forest fire, or other major ecological disturbance.[8] It is a prolific pioneer plant.[8] It drops its leaves on the ground, continuously forming a thin layer of mulch and eventually humus. Along with its ability to fix nitrogen, the tree conditions the soil, making it ready for other plant species to come along.

Medicinal uses[edit]

Mimosa tenuiflora root bark

A tea made of the leaves and stem has been used to treat tooth pain.[9] For cases of cough and bronchitis, a water extract (decoction) of Mimosa tenuiflora is drunk.[10] A handful of bark in one liter of water is used by itself or in a syrup.[10] The solution is drunk until the symptoms subside.[10]

One preliminary clinical study found Mimosa tenuiflora to be effective in treating venous leg ulcerations.[11]

Aqueous extracts of Mimosa are widely used for wound healing[12][13] and burns in Middle and South America.

Other uses[edit]

Mimosa tenuiflora syn. Mimosa hostilis provides life saving food for animals in drought.

The tree is an acceptable source of forage or fodder for animals, providing vital protein and other nutrients.[8] It does well in the dry season and in drought, while providing life saving food for local livestock and animals.[8] Cows, goats and sheep eat the pods and leaves. There seems to be evidence that Mimosa tenuiflora forage or fodder cause development defects to pregnant ruminants in Brazil.[14][15]

The tree is an important source of forage for bees, especially during the dry season and in the beginning of the wet season.

Like most plants in the Fabaceae family, Mimosa tenuiflora fertilizes the soil via nitrogen fixing bacteria.[16] The tree is useful in fighting soil erosion and for reforestation.

Mimosa tenuiflora is a very good source of fuel wood and works very well for making posts,[16] most likely because of its high tannin content (16%[17]), which protects it from rot. Due to its high tannin content, the bark of the tree is widely used as a natural dye and in leather production. It is used to make bridges, buildings, fences, furniture and wheels. It is an excellent source of charcoal and at least one study has been done to see why this is the case.[18]

The healing properties of the tree make it useful in treating domestic animals. A solution of the leaves or bark can also be used for washing animals in the prevention of parasites. Because the tree keeps most of its leaves during the dry season, it is an important source of shade for animals and plants during that time.

Chemistry[edit]

The bark is known to be rich in tannins, saponins, alkaloids, lipids, phytosterols, glucosides, xylose, rhamnose, arabinose, lupeol, methoxychalcones, and kukulkanins.[19] Additionally, Mimosa hostilis contains labdane diterpenoids.[citation needed]

Entheogenic uses[edit]

Mimosa tenuiflora' syn. Mimosa hostilis

Mimosa tenuiflora is an entheogen used by the Jurema Cult (O Culto da Jurema) in the Northeastern Brazil.[20] Dried Mexican Mimosa tenuiflora root bark has been recently shown to have a dimethyltryptamine (DMT) content of about 1-1.7%.[4] The stem bark has about 0.03% DMT.[21]

The parts of the tree are traditionally used in northeastern Brazil in a psychoactive decoction also called Jurema or Yurema. Analogously, the traditional Western Amazonian sacrament Ayahuasca is brewed from indigenous ayahuasca vines. However, to date no β-carbolines such as harmala alkaloids have been detected in Mimosa tenuiflora decoctions, yet the Jurema is used in combination to several plants.[22][23][24][25]

This presents challenges to the pharmacological understanding of how DMT from the plant is rendered orally active as an enthenogen,[citation needed] because the pyschoactivity of DMT requires the presence of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), such as a β-carboline. If an MAOI is neither present in the plant nor added to the mixture, the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) will metabolize DMT in the human gut, preventing the active molecule from entering the blood and brain.

The isolation of the chemical compound yuremamine from Mimosa tenuiflora as reported in 2005 represents a new class of phytoindoles,[26] which may explain an apparent oral activity of DMT in Jurema.

Cultivation[edit]

For outside planting, USDA Zone 9 or higher is recommended.[27]

In nature, Mimosa tenuiflora "[...] fruits and seeds are disseminated by the wind in a radius of 5–8 m (16–26 ft) from the mother plant; rain carries them from slopes to lower plains and human activities contribute to their dissemination."[28]

For cultivation, the seed pods are collected once they start to spontaneously open on the tree. The collected pods are laid out in the sun so that the pods open up and release their seeds. The seeds can then be planted in sandy soil with sun exposure.

Scarification of the seed via mechanical means or by using sulfuric acid greatly increases the germination rate of the seeds over non-treatment.[28] The seeds can be sown directly into holes in the ground or planted in prepared areas.

The seeds can germinate in temperatures ranging from 10 to 30 °C, but the highest germination rate occurs at around 25 °C (about 96%), even after four years of storage.[28] Germination takes about 2–4 weeks.

It is also possible to propagate Mimosa tenuiflora via cuttings.[4]

Trimming adult Mimosa tenuiflorae during the rainy season is not recommended because it can cause them to perish.[7]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). (2017). "A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny". Taxon. 66 (1): 44–77. doi:10.12705/661.3. 
  2. ^ "Acacia tenuiflora - ILDIS LegumeWeb". ildis.org. Retrieved 2008-04-20. 
  3. ^ "Mimosa tenuiflora". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2008-05-04. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f Rätsch, Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen. Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen. Aarau: AT-Verl. p. 15. ISBN 978-3-85502-570-1. 
  5. ^ Camargo-Ricalde SL (December 2000). "[Description, distribution, anatomy, chemical composition and uses of Mimosa tenuiflora (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae) in Mexico]". Rev. Biol. Trop. (in Spanish). 48 (4): 939–54. PMID 11487939. 
  6. ^ "Mimosa hostilis (Jurema Preta) in Profile". b-and-t-world-seeds.com. Retrieved 2008-05-04. 
  7. ^ a b "Kew: Northeast Brazil Fuelwood Project - activities and progress". kew.org. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2008-05-05. 
  8. ^ a b c d Ivonete Alves Bakke; Olaf Andreas Bakke; Alberício Pereira Andrade; Ignacio Hernan Salcedo (Mar 2007). "Forage yield and quality of a dense thorny and thornless "jurema-preta" stand". Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira. 42 (3). doi:10.1590/S0100-204X2007000300006. ISSN 0100-204X. 
  9. ^ Ulysses P de Albuquerque (2006). "Table 1: List of medicinal plants used in a rural community in the municipality of Alagoinha, Pernambuco, NE Brazil". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. Re-examining hypotheses concerning the use and knowledge of medicinal plants: a study in the Caatinga vegetation of NE Brazil. 2 (1): 30. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-30. 
  10. ^ a b c de Fátima Agra M, de Freitas PF, Barbosa-Filho JM (2007). "Synopsis of the plants known as medicinal and poisonous in Northeast of Brazil" (PDF). Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy. 17 (1): 114–40. doi:10.1590/S0102-695X2007000100021. ISSN 0102-695X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-08-21. 
  11. ^ Rivera-Arce E, Chávez-Soto MA, Herrera-Arellano A, et al. (February 2007). "Therapeutic effectiveness of a Mimosa tenuiflora cortex extract in venous leg ulceration treatment". J Ethnopharmacol. 109 (3): 523–8. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.032. PMID 17088036. 
  12. ^ Kokane, Dnyaneshwar D.; More, Rahul Y.; Kale, Mandar B.; Nehete, Minakshi N.; Mehendale, Prachi C.; Gadgoli, Chhaya H. (July 2009). "Evaluation of wound healing activity of root of Mimosa pudica". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 124 (2): 311–315. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.04.038. PMID 19397984. 
  13. ^ Hemmati, Ali A; Aghel, Nasrin; Rashidi, Iran; Gholampur-Aghdami, Ali (October 2011). "Topical grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extract promotes repair of full thickness wound in rabbit". International Wound Journal. 8 (5): 514–520. doi:10.1111/j.1742-481X.2011.00833.x. PMID 21816000. 
  14. ^ Medeiros RM, de Figueiredo AP, Benício TM, Dantas FP, Riet-Correa F (February 2008). "Teratogenicity of Mimosa tenuiflora seeds to pregnant rats". Toxicon. 51 (2): 316–9. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.06.012. PMID 18078971. 
  15. ^ Pimentel LA, Correa FR, Gardner D, et al. (November 2007). "Mimosa tenuiflora as a cause of malformations in ruminants in the northeastern Brazilian semiarid rangelands". Vet. Pathol. 44 (6): 928–31. doi:10.1354/vp.44-6-928. PMID 18039908. 
  16. ^ a b "Exploitation of the potential of multipurpose trees and shrubs in agroforestry" (PDF). worldagroforestry.org. 1987. ISBN 929059036X. Retrieved 2013-08-19. 
  17. ^ Rivera-Arce E, Gattuso M, Alvarado R, et al. (September 2007). "Pharmacognostical studies of the plant drug Mimosae tenuiflorae cortex". J Ethnopharmacol. 113 (3): 400–8. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.023. PMID 17709219. 
  18. ^ "Lazaro Benedito da Silva". kew.org. Archived from the original on 2009-01-24. Retrieved 2008-04-20. 
  19. ^ Camargo-Ricalde SL. (Dec 2000), "Description, distribution, anatomy, chemical composition and uses of Mimosa tenuiflora (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae) in Mexico", Rev Biol Trop., 48 (4): 939–54, PMID 11487939 
  20. ^ "Jurema Ritual in Northern Brazil". www.maps.org. 
  21. ^ Jonathan Ott (1998). "Pharmahuasca: Human pharmacology of oral DMT plus Harmine". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 31 (2): 171–7. doi:10.1080/02791072.1999.10471741. PMID 10438001. Archived from the original on 2012-01-24. Retrieved 2013-08-19. 
  22. ^ da Mota, Clarice Novaes. Jurema's Children in the Forest of Spirits: Healing and ritual among two Brazilian indigenous groups. Intermediate Technology, 1997.
  23. ^ MOTA, Clarice Novaes da; ALBUQUERQUE, Ulysses P.. "As muitas faces da Jurema: de espécie botânica à divindade afro-indígena." Recife: Bagaço (2002).
  24. ^ GRUNEWALD, R. Sujeitos da jurema e o Resgate da Ciência do Índio. In: LABATE, B. & GOULART, S.(orgs). O uso Ritual das plantas de poder. São Paulo. Mercado das Letras, 2005.
  25. ^ CAMARGO, Maria Thereza Lemos de Arruda . As plantas medicinais e o sagrado: A etnobotânica em uma revisão historiográfica da medicina popular no Brasil. 1ª ed. São Paulo: Ícone, 2014.
  26. ^ Vepsäläinen JJ, Auriola S, Tukiainen M, Ropponen N, Callaway JC (November 2005). "Isolation and characterization of yuremamine, a new phytoindole". Planta Med. 71 (11): 1053–7. doi:10.1055/s-2005-873131. PMID 16320208. 
  27. ^ James A. Duke. Handbook of Medicinal Herbs (Second ed.). 
  28. ^ a b c Sara L. Camargo-Ricalde; Rosaura Grether (Sep 1998). "Germinación, dispersión y establecimiento de plántulas de Mimosa tenuiflora (Leguminosae) en México". Revista de Biología Tropical. 46 (3). ISSN 0034-7744. 

External links[edit]

en.wikipedia.org

WikiZero - Mimosa tenuiflora

Open wikipedia design.

Mimosa tenuiflora (лат.) — вид многолетних вечнозеленых деревьев или кустарников рода Мимоза семейства Бобовые (Fabaceae). Растение известно тем, что его части используются для приготовления традиционных в Бразилии психоактивных отваров.

Распространено в северо-восточной части Бразилии (Параиба, Риу-Гранди-ду-Норти, Сеара, Пернамбуку, Баия), было обнаружено также на севере, в южной части Мексики (Оахака и побережье Чьяпас)[3]. Встречается чаще всего на небольших высотах, но также может быть найдено на высоте 1000 м[3].

Для наружного культирования рекомендуется 9-я или выше зона морозостойкости[4].

В природе «[…] плоды и семена распространяются ветром в радиусе 5—8 метров от материнского растения. Дождь уносит их со склонов на равнины, и человеческая деятельность способствует их распространению»[5].

Для культивации стручки собираются, как только они начинают самопроизвольно открываться на дереве. Собранные стручки раскладываются под открытым солнцем для освобождения семян. Семена могут быть посажены в песчаной почве.

Скарификация семян путём использования серной кислоты или механического повреждения их оболочки значительно повышает всхожесть[5]. Семена можно сажать непосредственно в дыры в земле или же в специально подготовленные места.

Семена могут прорастать при температуре от 10 до 30 ° C, а самая высокая всхожесть происходит на уровне около 25 ° С (около 96 %), даже после четырёх лет хранения[5]. Прорастание занимает около 2—4 недель.

Кроме того, можно размножать Mimosa tenuiflora черенками[3].

Обрезка взрослых Mimosa tenuiflora во время сезона дождей не рекомендуется, поскольку это может привести к их порче[6].

Сушеный корень мексиканской Mimosa tenuiflora содержит около 1 %[7]диметилтриптамина (DMT), а кора ствола — около 0,03 %[8]. Кора традиционно используется на северо-востоке Бразилии как основной компонент психоактивного отвара, известного под названием «юрема». Аналогично восточно-амазонский напиток айяуаска варится из местной лозы банистериопсис каапи. На сегодняшний день β-карболины, такие, как алкалоиды гармалы, не были найдены в отварах Mimosa tenuiflora, соответственно, кора корня использовалась без добавления ингибиторов моноаминоксидазы.

Это создаёт проблемы в фармакологическом понимании того, почему Mimosa tenuiflora является активным как энтеоген при пероральном приёме. Ведь ингибиторы моноаминоксидазы не присутствуют в растении и не добавляются в отвар, поэтому фермент моноаминоксидазы должен расщепляться в кишечнике человека, предотвращая попадание молекул в кровь и мозг.

В 2005 году стало известно о новом химическом соединении «юремамине» (англ. Yuremamine), выделенном из Mimosa tenuiflora, которое представляет собой новый класс фито-индолов[9]. Это может объяснить, почему DMT активен при пероральном приёме юремы.

В 2017 году «мимоза хостилис» вошла в перечень растений, содержащих наркотические средства или психотропные вещества либо их прекурсоры и подлежащих контролю в Российской Федерации[10]. Для целей статьи 231 УК РФ крупным размером является 10 и более растений, особо крупным — 100 растений и более[10].

  1. ↑ Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. ↑ Acacia tenuiflora - ILDIS LegumeWeb. www.ildis.org. Проверено 2 марта 2012. Архивировано 29 апреля 2013 года. (англ.)
  3. ↑ 1 2 3 Rätsch Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen. Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen.. — Aarau: AT-Verl.. — P. 15.
  4. ↑ Mimosa hostilis from B & T World Seeds. www.b-and-t-world-seeds.com. Проверено 6 января 2013. Архивировано 12 января 2013 года. (англ.)
  5. ↑ 1 2 3 Revista de Biología Tropical - Germinación, dispersión y establecimiento de plántulas de Mimosa tenuiflora (Leguminosae) en México. www.scielo.sa.cr. Проверено 6 января 2013. (англ.)
  6. ↑ Kew: Northeast Brazil Fuelwood Project - activities and progress. www.kew.org. Проверено 6 января 2013. Архивировано 12 января 2013 года. (англ.)
  7. ↑ Rätsch Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen. Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen.. — Aarau: AT-Verl.. — P. 15.
  8. ↑ Ayahuasca Library > Ott 1998 - Pharmahuasca, Anahuasca and Vinho da Jurema  (недоступная ссылка — история). google.com. Проверено 2 марта 2012. Архивировано 9 мая 2006 года. (англ.)
  9. ↑ Vepsäläinen JJ, Auriola S, Tukiainen M, Ropponen N, Callaway JC (November 2005). «Isolation and characterization of yuremamine, a new phytoindole». Planta Med. 71 (11): 1053–7. DOI:10.1055/s-2005-873131. PMID 16320208. (англ.)
  10. ↑ 1 2 Постановление от 12 июля 2017 года № 827. О дополнении перечня наркотических средств, психотропных веществ и их прекурсоров (рус.). government.ru. Проверено 15 июля 2017.

www.wikizero.com

Mimosa Tenuiflora — Википедия

Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии

Mimosa tenuiflora (лат.) — вид многолетних вечнозеленых деревьев или кустарников рода Мимоза семейства Бобовые (Fabaceae). Растение известно тем, что его части используются для приготовления традиционных в Бразилии психоактивных отваров.

Распространение и среда обитания

Распространено в северо-восточной части Бразилии (Параиба, Риу-Гранди-ду-Норти, Сеара, Пернамбуку, Баия), было обнаружено также на севере, в южной части Мексики (Оахака и побережье Чьяпас). Встречается чаще всего на небольших высотах, но также может быть найдено на высоте 1000 м.

Ботаническое описание

Культивация

Для наружного культирования рекомендуется 9-я или выше зона морозостойкости.

В природе «[…] плоды и семена распространяются ветром в радиусе 5—8 метров от материнского растения. Дождь уносит их со склонов на равнины, и человеческая деятельность способствует их распространению».

Для культивации стручки собираются, как только они начинают самопроизвольно открываться на дереве. Собранные стручки раскладываются под открытым солнцем для освобождения семян. Семена могут быть посажены в песчаной почве.

Скарификация семян путём использования серной кислоты или механического повреждения их оболочки значительно повышает всхожесть. Семена можно сажать непосредственно в дыры в земле или же в специально подготовленные места.

Семена могут прорастать при температуре от 10 до 30 ° C, а самая высокая всхожесть происходит на уровне около 25 ° С (около 96 %), даже после четырёх лет хранения. Прорастание занимает около 2—4 недель.

Кроме того, можно размножать Mimosa tenuiflora черенками.

Обрезка взрослых Mimosa tenuiflora во время сезона дождей не рекомендуется, поскольку это может привести к их порче.

Использование в качестве энтеогена

Сушеный корень мексиканской Mimosa tenuiflora содержит около 1 %диметилтриптамина (DMT), а кора ствола — около 0,03 %. Кора традиционно используется на северо-востоке Бразилии как основной компонент психоактивного отвара, известного под названием «юрема». Аналогично восточно-амазонский напиток айяуаска варится из местной лозы банистериопсис каапи. На сегодняшний день β-карболины, такие, как алкалоиды гармалы, не были найдены в отварах Mimosa tenuiflora, соответственно, кора корня использовалась без добавления ингибиторов моноаминоксидазы.

Это создаёт проблемы в фармакологическом понимании того, почему Mimosa tenuiflora является активным как энтеоген при пероральном приёме. Ведь ингибиторы моноаминоксидазы не присутствуют в растении и не добавляются в отвар, поэтому фермент моноаминоксидазы должен расщепляться в кишечнике человека, предотвращая попадание молекул в кровь и мозг.

В 2005 году стало известно о новом химическом соединении «юремамине» (англ. Yuremamine), выделенном из Mimosa tenuiflora, которое представляет собой новый класс фито-индолов. Это может объяснить, почему DMT активен при пероральном приёме юремы.

Правовой статус

В 2017 году «мимоза хостилис» вошла в перечень растений, содержащих наркотические средства или психотропные вещества либо их прекурсоры и подлежащих контролю в Российской Федерации. Для целей статьи 231 УК РФ крупным размером является 10 и более растений, особо крупным — 100 растений и более.

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. Acacia tenuiflora - ILDIS LegumeWeb. www.ildis.org. Проверено 2 марта 2012. Архивировано 29 апреля 2013 года. (англ.)
  3. ↑ Rätsch Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen. Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen.. — Aarau: AT-Verl.. — P. 15.
  4. Mimosa hostilis from B & T World Seeds. www.b-and-t-world-seeds.com. Проверено 6 января 2013. Архивировано 12 января 2013 года. (англ.)
  5. ↑ Revista de Biología Tropical - Germinación, dispersión y establecimiento de plántulas de Mimosa tenuiflora (Leguminosae) en México. www.scielo.sa.cr. Проверено 6 января 2013. (англ.)
  6. Kew: Northeast Brazil Fuelwood Project - activities and progress. www.kew.org. Проверено 6 января 2013. Архивировано 12 января 2013 года. (англ.)
  7. Rätsch Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen. Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen.. — Aarau: AT-Verl.. — P. 15.
  8. Ayahuasca Library > Ott 1998 - Pharmahuasca, Anahuasca and Vinho da Jurema  (недоступная ссылка — история). google.com. Проверено 2 марта 2012. Архивировано 9 мая 2006 года. (англ.)
  9. Vepsäläinen JJ, Auriola S, Tukiainen M, Ropponen N, Callaway JC (November 2005). «Isolation and characterization of yuremamine, a new phytoindole». Planta Med. 71 (11): 1053–7. DOI:10.1055/s-2005-873131. PMID 16320208. (англ.)
  10. ↑ Постановление от 12 июля 2017 года № 827. О дополнении перечня наркотических средств, психотропных веществ и их прекурсоров (рус.). government.ru. Проверено 15 июля 2017.

www.zirozebar.com

Mimosa tenuiflora — Википедия

Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии

Mimosa tenuiflora (лат.) — вид многолетних вечнозеленых деревьев или кустарников рода Мимоза семейства Бобовые (Fabaceae). Растение известно тем, что его части используются для приготовления традиционных в Бразилии психоактивных отваров.

Распространено в северо-восточной части Бразилии (Параиба, Риу-Гранди-ду-Норти, Сеара, Пернамбуку, Баия), было обнаружено также на севере, в южной части Мексики (Оахака и побережье Чьяпас)[3]. Встречается чаще всего на небольших высотах, но также может быть найдено на высоте 1000 м[3].

Для наружного культирования рекомендуется 9-я или выше зона морозостойкости[4].

В природе «[…] плоды и семена распространяются ветром в радиусе 5—8 метров от материнского растения. Дождь уносит их со склонов на равнины, и человеческая деятельность способствует их распространению»[5].

Для культивации стручки собираются, как только они начинают самопроизвольно открываться на дереве. Собранные стручки раскладываются под открытым солнцем для освобождения семян. Семена могут быть посажены в песчаной почве.

Скарификация семян путём использования серной кислоты или механического повреждения их оболочки значительно повышает всхожесть[5]. Семена можно сажать непосредственно в дыры в земле или же в специально подготовленные места.

Семена могут прорастать при температуре от 10 до 30 ° C, а самая высокая всхожесть происходит на уровне около 25 ° С (около 96 %), даже после четырёх лет хранения[5]. Прорастание занимает около 2—4 недель.

Кроме того, можно размножать Mimosa tenuiflora черенками[3].

Обрезка взрослых Mimosa tenuiflora во время сезона дождей не рекомендуется, поскольку это может привести к их порче[6].

Сушеный корень мексиканской Mimosa tenuiflora содержит около 1 %[7]диметилтриптамина (DMT), а кора ствола — около 0,03 %[8]. Кора традиционно используется на северо-востоке Бразилии как основной компонент психоактивного отвара, известного под названием «юрема». Аналогично восточно-амазонский напиток айяуаска варится из местной лозы банистериопсис каапи. На сегодняшний день β-карболины, такие, как алкалоиды гармалы, не были найдены в отварах Mimosa tenuiflora, соответственно, кора корня использовалась без добавления ингибиторов моноаминоксидазы.

Это создаёт проблемы в фармакологическом понимании того, почему Mimosa tenuiflora является активным как энтеоген при пероральном приёме. Ведь ингибиторы моноаминоксидазы не присутствуют в растении и не добавляются в отвар, поэтому фермент моноаминоксидазы должен расщепляться в кишечнике человека, предотвращая попадание молекул в кровь и мозг.

В 2005 году стало известно о новом химическом соединении «юремамине» (англ. Yuremamine), выделенном из Mimosa tenuiflora, которое представляет собой новый класс фито-индолов[9]. Это может объяснить, почему DMT активен при пероральном приёме юремы.

В 2017 году «мимоза хостилис» вошла в перечень растений, содержащих наркотические средства или психотропные вещества либо их прекурсоры и подлежащих контролю в Российской Федерации[10]. Для целей статьи 231 УК РФ крупным размером является 10 и более растений, особо крупным — 100 растений и более[10].

  1. ↑ Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. ↑ Acacia tenuiflora - ILDIS LegumeWeb. www.ildis.org. Проверено 2 марта 2012. Архивировано 29 апреля 2013 года. (англ.)
  3. ↑ 1 2 3 Rätsch Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen. Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen.. — Aarau: AT-Verl.. — P. 15.
  4. ↑ Mimosa hostilis from B & T World Seeds. www.b-and-t-world-seeds.com. Проверено 6 января 2013. Архивировано 12 января 2013 года. (англ.)
  5. ↑ 1 2 3 Revista de Biología Tropical - Germinación, dispersión y establecimiento de plántulas de Mimosa tenuiflora (Leguminosae) en México. www.scielo.sa.cr. Проверено 6 января 2013. (англ.)
  6. ↑ Kew: Northeast Brazil Fuelwood Project - activities and progress. www.kew.org. Проверено 6 января 2013. Архивировано 12 января 2013 года. (англ.)
  7. ↑ Rätsch Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen. Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen.. — Aarau: AT-Verl.. — P. 15.
  8. ↑ Ayahuasca Library > Ott 1998 - Pharmahuasca, Anahuasca and Vinho da Jurema  (недоступная ссылка — история). google.com. Проверено 2 марта 2012. Архивировано 9 мая 2006 года. (англ.)
  9. ↑ Vepsäläinen JJ, Auriola S, Tukiainen M, Ropponen N, Callaway JC (November 2005). «Isolation and characterization of yuremamine, a new phytoindole». Planta Med. 71 (11): 1053–7. DOI:10.1055/s-2005-873131. PMID 16320208. (англ.)
  10. ↑ 1 2 Постановление от 12 июля 2017 года № 827. О дополнении перечня наркотических средств, психотропных веществ и их прекурсоров (рус.). government.ru. Проверено 15 июля 2017.

ru.bywiki.com

Mimosa tenuiflora - Wikipedia

Mimosa tenuiflora, syn. Mimosa hostilis, also known as Jurema Preta, Calumbi (Brazil), Tepezcohuite (México), Carbonal, Cabrera, Jurema, Black Jurema, and Vinho de Jurema, is a perennial tree or shrub native to the northeastern region of Brazil (Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia) and found as far north as southern Mexico (Oaxaca and coast of Chiapas), and the following countries: El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, Colombia and Venezuela.[4] It is most often found in lower altitudes, but it can be found as high as 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[4]

Description[edit]

The fern-like branches have leaves that are Mimosa like, finely pinnate, growing to 5 cm (2.0 in) long. Each compound leaf contains 15–33 pairs of bright green leaflets 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) long. The tree itself grows up to 8 m (26 ft) tall[4] and it can reach 4–5 m (13–16 ft) tall in less than 5 years. The white,[4] fragrant flowers occur in loosely cylindrical spikes 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) long. In the Northern Hemisphere it blossoms and produces fruit from November to June or July.[5] In the Southern Hemisphere it blooms primarily from September to January. The fruit is brittle and averages 2.5–5 cm (0.98–1.97 in) long. Each pod contains 4–6 seeds that are oval, flat, light brown and 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) in diameter. There are about 145 seeds/1 g (0.035 oz).[6] In the Southern Hemisphere, the fruit ripens from February to April.

Small Mimosa tenuiflora stem and roots

The tree's bark is dark brown to gray. It splits lengthwise and the inside is reddish brown.

The tree's wood is dark reddish brown with a yellow center. It is very dense, durable and strong, having a density of about 1.11 g/cm³.[7]

Mimosa tenuiflora does very well after a forest fire, or other major ecological disturbance.[8] It is a prolific pioneer plant.[8] It drops its leaves on the ground, continuously forming a thin layer of mulch and eventually humus. Along with its ability to fix nitrogen, the tree conditions the soil, making it ready for other plant species to come along.

Medicinal uses[edit]

Mimosa tenuiflora root bark

A tea made of the leaves and stem has been used to treat tooth pain.[9] For cases of cough and bronchitis, a water extract (decoction) of Mimosa tenuiflora is drunk.[10] A handful of bark in one liter of water is used by itself or in a syrup.[10] The solution is drunk until the symptoms subside.[10]

One preliminary clinical study found Mimosa tenuiflora to be effective in treating venous leg ulcerations.[11]

Aqueous extracts of Mimosa are widely used for wound healing[12][13] and burns in Middle and South America.

Other uses[edit]

Mimosa tenuiflora syn. Mimosa hostilis provides life saving food for animals in drought.

The tree is an acceptable source of forage or fodder for animals, providing vital protein and other nutrients.[8] It does well in the dry season and in drought, while providing life saving food for local livestock and animals.[8] Cows, goats and sheep eat the pods and leaves. There seems to be evidence that Mimosa tenuiflora forage or fodder cause development defects to pregnant ruminants in Brazil.[14][15]

The tree is an important source of forage for bees, especially during the dry season and in the beginning of the wet season.

Like most plants in the Fabaceae family, Mimosa tenuiflora fertilizes the soil via nitrogen fixing bacteria.[16] The tree is useful in fighting soil erosion and for reforestation.

Mimosa tenuiflora is a very good source of fuel wood and works very well for making posts,[16] most likely because of its high tannin content (16%[17]), which protects it from rot. Due to its high tannin content, the bark of the tree is widely used as a natural dye and in leather production. It is used to make bridges, buildings, fences, furniture and wheels. It is an excellent source of charcoal and at least one study has been done to see why this is the case.[18]

The healing properties of the tree make it useful in treating domestic animals. A solution of the leaves or bark can also be used for washing animals in the prevention of parasites. Because the tree keeps most of its leaves during the dry season, it is an important source of shade for animals and plants during that time.

Chemistry[edit]

The bark is known to be rich in tannins, saponins, alkaloids, lipids, phytosterols, glucosides, xylose, rhamnose, arabinose, lupeol, methoxychalcones, and kukulkanins.[19] Additionally, Mimosa hostilis contains labdane diterpenoids.[citation needed]

Entheogenic uses[edit]

Mimosa tenuiflora' syn. Mimosa hostilis

Mimosa tenuiflora is an entheogen used by the Jurema Cult (O Culto da Jurema) in the Northeastern Brazil.[20] Dried Mexican Mimosa tenuiflora root bark has been recently shown to have a dimethyltryptamine (DMT) content of about 1-1.7%.[4] The stem bark has about 0.03% DMT.[21]

The parts of the tree are traditionally used in northeastern Brazil in a psychoactive decoction also called Jurema or Yurema. Analogously, the traditional Western Amazonian sacrament Ayahuasca is brewed from indigenous ayahuasca vines. However, to date no β-carbolines such as harmala alkaloids have been detected in Mimosa tenuiflora decoctions, yet the Jurema is used in combination to several plants.[22][23][24][25]

This presents challenges to the pharmacological understanding of how DMT from the plant is rendered orally active as an enthenogen,[citation needed] because the pyschoactivity of DMT requires the presence of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), such as a β-carboline. If an MAOI is neither present in the plant nor added to the mixture, the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) will metabolize DMT in the human gut, preventing the active molecule from entering the blood and brain.

The isolation of the chemical compound yuremamine from Mimosa tenuiflora as reported in 2005 represents a new class of phytoindoles,[26] which may explain an apparent oral activity of DMT in Jurema.

Cultivation[edit]

For outside planting, USDA Zone 9 or higher is recommended.[27]

In nature, Mimosa tenuiflora "[...] fruits and seeds are disseminated by the wind in a radius of 5–8 m (16–26 ft) from the mother plant; rain carries them from slopes to lower plains and human activities contribute to their dissemination."[28]

For cultivation, the seed pods are collected once they start to spontaneously open on the tree. The collected pods are laid out in the sun so that the pods open up and release their seeds. The seeds can then be planted in sandy soil with sun exposure.

Scarification of the seed via mechanical means or by using sulfuric acid greatly increases the germination rate of the seeds over non-treatment.[28] The seeds can be sown directly into holes in the ground or planted in prepared areas.

The seeds can germinate in temperatures ranging from 10 to 30 °C, but the highest germination rate occurs at around 25 °C (about 96%), even after four years of storage.[28] Germination takes about 2–4 weeks.

It is also possible to propagate Mimosa tenuiflora via cuttings.[4]

Trimming adult Mimosa tenuiflorae during the rainy season is not recommended because it can cause them to perish.[7]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). (2017). "A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny". Taxon. 66 (1): 44–77. doi:10.12705/661.3. 
  2. ^ "Acacia tenuiflora - ILDIS LegumeWeb". ildis.org. Retrieved 2008-04-20. 
  3. ^ "Mimosa tenuiflora". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2008-05-04. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f Rätsch, Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen. Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen. Aarau: AT-Verl. p. 15. ISBN 978-3-85502-570-1. 
  5. ^ Camargo-Ricalde SL (December 2000). "[Description, distribution, anatomy, chemical composition and uses of Mimosa tenuiflora (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae) in Mexico]". Rev. Biol. Trop. (in Spanish). 48 (4): 939–54. PMID 11487939. 
  6. ^ "Mimosa hostilis (Jurema Preta) in Profile". b-and-t-world-seeds.com. Retrieved 2008-05-04. 
  7. ^ a b "Kew: Northeast Brazil Fuelwood Project - activities and progress". kew.org. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2008-05-05. 
  8. ^ a b c d Ivonete Alves Bakke; Olaf Andreas Bakke; Alberício Pereira Andrade; Ignacio Hernan Salcedo (Mar 2007). "Forage yield and quality of a dense thorny and thornless "jurema-preta" stand". Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira. 42 (3). doi:10.1590/S0100-204X2007000300006. ISSN 0100-204X. 
  9. ^ Ulysses P de Albuquerque (2006). "Table 1: List of medicinal plants used in a rural community in the municipality of Alagoinha, Pernambuco, NE Brazil". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. Re-examining hypotheses concerning the use and knowledge of medicinal plants: a study in the Caatinga vegetation of NE Brazil. 2 (1): 30. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-30. 
  10. ^ a b c de Fátima Agra M, de Freitas PF, Barbosa-Filho JM (2007). "Synopsis of the plants known as medicinal and poisonous in Northeast of Brazil" (PDF). Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy. 17 (1): 114–40. doi:10.1590/S0102-695X2007000100021. ISSN 0102-695X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-08-21. 
  11. ^ Rivera-Arce E, Chávez-Soto MA, Herrera-Arellano A, et al. (February 2007). "Therapeutic effectiveness of a Mimosa tenuiflora cortex extract in venous leg ulceration treatment". J Ethnopharmacol. 109 (3): 523–8. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.032. PMID 17088036. 
  12. ^ Kokane, Dnyaneshwar D.; More, Rahul Y.; Kale, Mandar B.; Nehete, Minakshi N.; Mehendale, Prachi C.; Gadgoli, Chhaya H. (July 2009). "Evaluation of wound healing activity of root of Mimosa pudica". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 124 (2): 311–315. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.04.038. PMID 19397984. 
  13. ^ Hemmati, Ali A; Aghel, Nasrin; Rashidi, Iran; Gholampur-Aghdami, Ali (October 2011). "Topical grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extract promotes repair of full thickness wound in rabbit". International Wound Journal. 8 (5): 514–520. doi:10.1111/j.1742-481X.2011.00833.x. PMID 21816000. 
  14. ^ Medeiros RM, de Figueiredo AP, Benício TM, Dantas FP, Riet-Correa F (February 2008). "Teratogenicity of Mimosa tenuiflora seeds to pregnant rats". Toxicon. 51 (2): 316–9. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.06.012. PMID 18078971. 
  15. ^ Pimentel LA, Correa FR, Gardner D, et al. (November 2007). "Mimosa tenuiflora as a cause of malformations in ruminants in the northeastern Brazilian semiarid rangelands". Vet. Pathol. 44 (6): 928–31. doi:10.1354/vp.44-6-928. PMID 18039908. 
  16. ^ a b "Exploitation of the potential of multipurpose trees and shrubs in agroforestry" (PDF). worldagroforestry.org. 1987. ISBN 929059036X. Retrieved 2013-08-19. 
  17. ^ Rivera-Arce E, Gattuso M, Alvarado R, et al. (September 2007). "Pharmacognostical studies of the plant drug Mimosae tenuiflorae cortex". J Ethnopharmacol. 113 (3): 400–8. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.023. PMID 17709219. 
  18. ^ "Lazaro Benedito da Silva". kew.org. Archived from the original on 2009-01-24. Retrieved 2008-04-20. 
  19. ^ Camargo-Ricalde SL. (Dec 2000), "Description, distribution, anatomy, chemical composition and uses of Mimosa tenuiflora (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae) in Mexico", Rev Biol Trop., 48 (4): 939–54, PMID 11487939 
  20. ^ "Jurema Ritual in Northern Brazil". www.maps.org. 
  21. ^ Jonathan Ott (1998). "Pharmahuasca: Human pharmacology of oral DMT plus Harmine". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 31 (2): 171–7. doi:10.1080/02791072.1999.10471741. PMID 10438001. Archived from the original on 2012-01-24. Retrieved 2013-08-19. 
  22. ^ da Mota, Clarice Novaes. Jurema's Children in the Forest of Spirits: Healing and ritual among two Brazilian indigenous groups. Intermediate Technology, 1997.
  23. ^ MOTA, Clarice Novaes da; ALBUQUERQUE, Ulysses P.. "As muitas faces da Jurema: de espécie botânica à divindade afro-indígena." Recife: Bagaço (2002).
  24. ^ GRUNEWALD, R. Sujeitos da jurema e o Resgate da Ciência do Índio. In: LABATE, B. & GOULART, S.(orgs). O uso Ritual das plantas de poder. São Paulo. Mercado das Letras, 2005.
  25. ^ CAMARGO, Maria Thereza Lemos de Arruda . As plantas medicinais e o sagrado: A etnobotânica em uma revisão historiográfica da medicina popular no Brasil. 1ª ed. São Paulo: Ícone, 2014.
  26. ^ Vepsäläinen JJ, Auriola S, Tukiainen M, Ropponen N, Callaway JC (November 2005). "Isolation and characterization of yuremamine, a new phytoindole". Planta Med. 71 (11): 1053–7. doi:10.1055/s-2005-873131. PMID 16320208. 
  27. ^ James A. Duke. Handbook of Medicinal Herbs (Second ed.). 
  28. ^ a b c Sara L. Camargo-Ricalde; Rosaura Grether (Sep 1998). "Germinación, dispersión y establecimiento de plántulas de Mimosa tenuiflora (Leguminosae) en México". Revista de Biología Tropical. 46 (3). ISSN 0034-7744. 

External links[edit]

en.bywiki.com

Mimosa tenuiflora - WikiVividly

1. Биологическая систематика – Biological systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees, phylogenies have two components, branching order and branch length. Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits, Systematics, in other words, is used to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth. John Lindley provided a definition of systematics in 1830, although he wrote of systematic botany rather than using the term systematics. This is a field with a history that in recent years has experienced a notable renaissance. Part of the material has to do with evolutionary areas. Taxonomy is that part of Systematics concerned with topics to above, however, in modern usage, they can all be considered synonyms of each other. For example, Websters 9th New Collegiate Dictionary of 1987 treats classification, taxonomy, according to this work the terms originated in 1790, c. Europeans tend to use the terms systematics and biosystematics for the field of the study of biodiversity as a whole, all of these biological disciplines can deal both with extinct and with extant organisms. Scientific classifications are aids in recording and reporting information to other scientists, the systematist, a scientist who specializes in systematics, must, therefore, be able to use existing classification systems, or at least know them well enough to skilfully justify not using them. Phenetics was an attempt to determine the relationships of organisms through a measure of overall similarity, from the late-20th century onwards, it was superseded by cladistics, which rejects plesiomorphies in attempting to resolve the phylogeny of Earths various organisms through time. Todays systematists generally make use of molecular biology and of computer programs to study organisms. Taxonomic characters are the attributes that can be used to provide the evidence from which relationships between taxa are inferred. Adaptation, or evolutionary mechanisms Scientific classification and Taxonomy - the result of research in systematics Schuh, Randall T. biological Systematics, Principles and Applications, 2nd edn. ISBN 978-0-8014-4799-0 Simpson, Michael G.2005, ISBN 978-0-12-644460-5 Society of Australian Systematic Biologists Society of Systematic Biologists Willi Hennig Society

2. Синоним (таксономия) – For example, Linnaeus was the first to give a scientific name to the Norway spruce, which he called Pinus abies. This name is no longer in use, it is now a synonym of the current scientific name which is Picea abies, unlike synonyms in other contexts, in taxonomy a synonym is not interchangeable with the name of which it is a synonym. In taxonomy, synonyms are not equals, but have a different status, for any taxon with a particular circumscription, position, and rank, only one scientific name is considered to be the correct one at any given time. A synonym cannot exist in isolation, it is always an alternative to a different scientific name, given that the correct name of a taxon depends on the taxonomic viewpoint used a name that is one taxonomists synonym may be another taxonomists correct name. Synonyms may arise whenever the same taxon is described and named more than once, independently. They may also arise when existing taxa are changed, as when two taxa are joined to one, a species is moved to a different genus. To the general user of scientific names, in such as agriculture, horticulture, ecology, general science. A synonym is a name that was used as the correct scientific name but which has been displaced by another scientific name. Thus Oxford Dictionaries Online defines the term as a name which has the same application as another. In handbooks and general texts, it is useful to have mentioned as such after the current scientific name. Synonyms used in this way may not always meet the strict definitions of the synonym in the formal rules of nomenclature which govern scientific names. Changes of scientific name have two causes, they may be taxonomic or nomenclatural, a name change may be caused by changes in the circumscription, position or rank of a taxon, representing a change in taxonomic, scientific insight. A name change may be due to purely nomenclatural reasons, that is, based on the rules of nomenclature, the earliest such name is called the senior synonym, while the later name is the junior synonym. One basic principle of zoological nomenclature is that the earliest correctly published name, synonyms are important because if the earliest name cannot be used, then the next available junior synonym must be used for the taxon. Objective synonyms refer to taxa with the type and same rank. For example, John Edward Gray published the name Antilocapra anteflexa in 1855 for a species of pronghorn, however, it is now commonly accepted that his specimen was an unusual individual of the species Antilocapra americana published by George Ord in 1815. Ords name thus takes precedence, with Antilocapra anteflexa being a subjective synonym. Objective synonyms are common at the level of genera, because for various reasons two genera may contain the type species, these are objective synonyms

3. Ареал – In biology, the range or distribution of a species is the geographical area within which that species can be found. Within that range, dispersion is variation in local density, many terms are used to describe the new range, such as non-native, naturalized, introduced, transplanted, invasive, or colonized range. Introduced typically means that a species has been transported by humans across a geographical barrier. For species found in different regions at different times of year, terms such as summer range, for species for which only part of their range is used for breeding activity, the terms breeding range and non-breeding range are used. For mobile animals, the natural range is often used. Geographic or temporal qualifiers are added, for example, British range or pre-1950 range. A second example, some species of bird depend on water, usually a river, swamp, etc. or water related forest, a further example of a bird wildlife corridor would be a mountain range corridor. Bird species in these corridors are connected to a range for the species or are in an isolated geographic range. Biological dispersal Colonisation Human–wildlife conflict Occupancy-abundance relationship Species distribution

4. Национальный центр биотехнологической информации – The National Center for Biotechnology Information is part of the United States National Library of Medicine, a branch of the National Institutes of Health. The NCBI is located in Bethesda, Maryland and was founded in 1988 through legislation sponsored by Senator Claude Pepper, the NCBI houses a series of databases relevant to biotechnology and biomedicine and is an important resource for bioinformatics tools and services. Major databases include GenBank for DNA sequences and PubMed, a database for the biomedical literature. Other databases include the NCBI Epigenomics database, all these databases are available online through the Entrez search engine. NCBI is directed by David Lipman, one of the authors of the BLAST sequence alignment program. He also leads a research program, including groups led by Stephen Altschul, David Landsman, Eugene Koonin, John Wilbur, Teresa Przytycka. NCBI is listed in the Registry of Research Data Repositories re3data. org, NCBI has had responsibility for making available the GenBank DNA sequence database since 1992. GenBank coordinates with individual laboratories and other databases such as those of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory. Since 1992, NCBI has grown to other databases in addition to GenBank. The NCBI assigns a unique identifier to each species of organism, the NCBI has software tools that are available by WWW browsing or by FTP. For example, BLAST is a sequence similarity searching program, BLAST can do sequence comparisons against the GenBank DNA database in less than 15 seconds. RAG2/IL2RG The NCBI Bookshelf is a collection of freely accessible, downloadable, some of the books are online versions of previously published books, while others, such as Coffee Break, are written and edited by NCBI staff. BLAST is a used for calculating sequence similarity between biological sequences such as nucleotide sequences of DNA and amino acid sequences of proteins. BLAST is a tool for finding sequences similar to the query sequence within the same organism or in different organisms. It searches the query sequence on NCBI databases and servers and post the results back to the browser in chosen format. Input sequences to the BLAST are mostly in FASTA or Genbank format while output could be delivered in variety of such as HTML, XML formatting. HTML is the output format for NCBIs web-page. Entrez is both indexing and retrieval system having data from sources for biomedical research

5. Энциклопедия жизни – The Encyclopedia of Life is a free, online collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all of the 1.9 million living species known to science. It is compiled from existing databases and from contributions by experts and non-experts throughout the world and it aims to build one infinitely expandable page for each species, including video, sound, images, graphics, as well as text. In addition, the Encyclopedia incorporates content from the Biodiversity Heritage Library, the project was initially backed by a US$50 million funding commitment, led by the MacArthur Foundation and the Sloan Foundation, who provided US$20 million and US$5 million, respectively. The project was led by Jim Edwards and the development team by David Patterson. Today, participating institutions and individual donors continue to support EOL through financial contributions, EOL went live on 26 February 2008 with 30,000 entries. The site immediately proved to be popular, and temporarily had to revert to demonstration pages for two days when it was overrun by traffic from over 11 million views it received. The site relaunched on 5 September 2011 with a redesigned interface, eOLv2 is redesigned to enhance usability and encourage contributions and interactions among users. The product is also internationalized with interfaces provided for English, German, Spanish, French, Galician, Serbian, Macedonian, Arabic, Chinese, Korean and Ukrainian language speakers. On 16 January 2014, EOL launched TraitBank, a searchable, open digital repository for organism traits, measurements, interactions, information about many species is already available from a variety of sources, in particular about the megafauna. Gathering currently available data on all 1.9 million species will take about 10 years, as of September 2011, EOL had information on more than 700,000 species available, along with more than 600,000 photos and millions of pages of scanned literature. The initial focus has been on living species but will later include extinct species, as the discovery of new species is expected to continue, the encyclopedia will grow continuously. The goal of EOL is to serve as a resource for the public, enthusiastic amateurs, educators, students. The Encyclopedia of Life has content partners around the world who share information through the EOL platform, including Wikipedia and its interface is translated at translatewiki. net. The Encyclopedia of Life – Introductory video on YouTube from May 2007

6. The Plant List – The Plant List is a list of botanical names of species of plants created by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden and launched in 2010. It is intended to be comprehensive, that is, deal with all names of species. There is a project called the International Plant Names Index. The IPNI aims to provide details of publication and does not aim to determine which are accepted species names, newly published names are automatically added from IPNI to the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, a database which underlies the Plant List. The Plant List has 1,064,035 scientific plant names of species rank,350,699 are accepted species names, belonging to 642 plant families and 17,020 plant genera. The Plant List accepts approximately 350,699 unique species, with 470,624 synonyms for those species, when The Plant List was launched in 2010, it attracted media attention for its comprehensive approach. Fox News highlighted the number of synonyms encountered, suggesting that this reflected a lack of biodiversity on earth. The Plant List also attracted attention for building on the work of English naturalist Charles Darwin, Kew has added an average of 6,000 species every year since the IK was first published with 400,000 names of species. However, the IK is currently run as part of the IPNI rather than the Plant List. Australian Plant Census Australian Plant Name Index Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, whose Target One states the need for “An online flora of all known plants. ”International Plant Names Index Wikispecies Official website State of the Worlds Plants

7. Мимоза – Mimosa is a genus of about 400 species of herbs and shrubs, in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the legume family Fabaceae. The generic name is derived from the Greek word μιμος, an actor or mime, Two species in the genus are especially notable. One is Mimosa pudica, because of the way it folds its leaves when touched or exposed to heat. It is native to southern Central and South America but is cultivated elsewhere for its curiosity value. Outdoor cultivation has led to invasion in some areas, notably Hawaii. The other is Mimosa tenuiflora, which is best known for its use in shamanic ayahuasca brews due to the psychedelic drug dimethyltryptamine found in its root bark, the most common examples of this are Albizia julibrissin and Acacia dealbata. Members of this genus are among the few capable of rapid movement, examples outside of Mimosa include the telegraph plant, Aldrovanda, some species of Drosera. The leaves of the Mimosa pudica close quickly when touched, some mimosas raise their leaves in the day and lower them at night, and experiments done by Jacques dOrtous de Mairan on mimosas in 1729 provided the first evidence of biological clocks. Mimosa can be distinguished from the related genera, Acacia and Albizia. Note that, botanically, what appears to be a single flower is actually a cluster of many individual ones. Mimosa contains some level of heptanoic acid, there are about 400 species including, Mimosa aculeaticarpa Ortega Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera Ortega Mimosa arenosa Poir. Mimosa asperata L. Mimosa borealis Gray Mimosa casta L. Mimosa cupica Gray Mimosa ceratonia L. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle Mimosa distachya Cav, Mimosa grahamii Gray Mimosa hostilis Mimosa hystricina B. L. Turner Mimosa invisa Martius ex Colla Mimosa latidens B. L. Mimosa malacophylla Gray Mimosa microphylla Dry, Turner Mimosa pellita Kunth ex Willd. Mimosa pigra L. Mimosa pudica L. Mimosa quadrivalvis L. Mimosa quadrivalvis var. hystricina Barneby Mimosa quadrivalvis var. quadrivalvis L. Mimosa roemeriana Scheele Mimosa rubicaulis Lam, Mimosa texana Small Mimosa turneri Barneby Mimosa verrucosa Benth. Sensitivae Censitae, A description of the genus Mimosa Linnaeus in the New World, memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, vol. Albizia julibrissin, Persian silk tree, called Mimosa in the United States Mimosa-pudica. de Two small videos showing the plant folding its leaves

8. Бобовые – The Fabaceae, Leguminosae or Papilionaceae, commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, are a large and economically important family of flowering plants. It includes trees, shrubs, and perennial or annual herbaceous plants, the five largest of the genera are Astragalus, Acacia, Indigofera, Crotalaria and Mimosa, which constitute about a quarter of all legume species. The ca.19,000 known legume species amount to about 7% of flowering plant species, Fabaceae is the most common family found in tropical rainforests and in dry forests in the Americas and Africa. Recent molecular and morphological evidence supports the fact that the Fabaceae is a monophyletic family. These studies confirm that the Fabaceae are a group that is closely related to the Polygalaceae, Surianaceae and Quillajaceae families. Along with the cereals, some fruits and tropical roots a number of Leguminosae have been a human food for millennia. A number of species are also weedy pests in different parts of the world, including, Cytisus scoparius, Robinia pseudoacacia, Ulex europaeus, Pueraria lobata, the name Fabaceae comes from the defunct genus Faba, now included in Vicia. The term faba comes from Latin, and appears to simply mean bean, Leguminosae is an older name still considered valid, and refers to the fruit of these plants, which are called legumes. Fabaceae range in habit from giant trees to small annual herbs, plants have indeterminate inflorescences, which are sometimes reduced to a single flower. The flowers have a short hypanthium and a single carpel with a short gynophore, the Leguminosae have a wide variety of growth forms including trees, shrubs or herbaceous plants or even vines or lianas. The herbaceous plants can be annuals, biennials or perennials, without basal or terminal leaf aggregations and they are upright plants, epiphytes or vines. The latter support themselves by means of shoots that twist around a support or through cauline or foliar tendrils, plants can be heliophytes, mesophytes or xerophytes. The leaves are alternate and compound. Most often they are even- or odd-pinnately compound, often trifoliate and rarely palmately compound, in the Mimosoideae and they always have stipules, which can be leaf-like, thorn-like or be rather inconspicuous. Leaf margins are entire or, occasionally, serrate, both the leaves and the leaflets often have wrinkled pulvini to permit nastic movements. In some species, leaflets have evolved into tendrils, many species have leaves with structures that attract ants that protect the plant from herbivore insects. Extrafloral nectaries are common among the Mimosoideae and the Caesalpinioideae, and are found in some Faboideae. In some Acacia, the modified hollow stipules are inhabited by ants and are known as domatia, many Fabaceae host bacteria in their roots within structures called root nodules

9. Бразилия – Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama

wikivividly.com

Смотрите также
Sad4-Karpinsk | Все права защищены © 2018 | Карта сайта